Science
is a mixed field of knowledge. The most important science for our
regular life is the Medical Science . The aims of Medical Science are
- 1.examine the signs and symptoms based on the complain of the
patients and knowledge base of doctor, 2. draw a differential
diagnosis 3. Do tests(blood,Cerebrospinal fluid,X-Rays,MRI,CT-Scan
etc) to make a confirm diagnosis of the cause, 4. preventing disease
from spreading and healing of the damaged cells, maintain proper
balance between all ions and materials which consist our physical
entity ; most importantly to save lives and makes us healthy.
Complex
network is a different entity than other complex mathematical
models-lattices or random graphs. Complex networks display
non-trivial topological features, with patterns of connection between
their elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random like
- heavy tail in the degree distribution, a high clustering
coefficient, assortativity or disassortativity among vertices ,
community structure, and hierarchical structure,reciprocity, triad
significance profile and other features. Medical science is an
example of complex network where some parts are classical- obey all
the rules,some parts do not,some parts are totally unknown.
The
functionality of every living being is the resultant of interactions
of inter-cellular and intracellular components and between external
and internal components. From the resent research it is known that
the potential complexity of human interaction network is
daunting-approx. 25000 protein encoding genes,1000
metabolites,undefined number of distinct proteins,functional RNA &
DNA molecules. These also varies according to sex type, age(children
or aged or young) , geographical area ,local environment,race ,
family history etc. Now at every moment reactions are taking place in
between external disease agents and internal cellular components-
complex networks can be developed over such a system.
Now
the nodes of the network can be following -
1.
Examine the signs and symptoms
-
after taking patients complain about problems following things are
checked-
a)
Taking the history of the patients properly
–
i)
Personal History- patients habits,sleeping
style,eating,bowel and bladder habits.
ii)
Family History – Some diseases(HIV,Hepatitis,Gene
abnormality) spreads through genes so family
history(Parents,Grandparents,Siblings,other family members) is very
important.
iii)
Surgical History : whether patient had a history of
surgery which can recurrent or cause secondary abnormality- eg.
History of vertical abdominal incision(in abdominal surgery) can
cause incisional hernia.
iv)
Traumatic History: Traumatic history can cause memory
loss(brain trauma) , Rupture of an organ of body (spleen rupture in
an accident which can change body functionality) etc.
b)
General
survey –
temperature(fever), pallor, cyanosis,jaundice,clubbing,edema,
swelling,pulse,Blood pressure etc.
c)
Local
examination - local
examination of body parts eg- local patch/discoloration in skin
diseases, tenderness(pain by touch)in right iliac
fossa
in young females can be due to acute appendicitis.
2.
Differential Diagnosis:
These
all features can act as nodes of the network to make a initial
differential diagnosis of the cause of the patients.
3.
Confirm Diagnosis :
Initial
differential diagnosis lead to surest diagnosis by ruling out some
differential diagnosis by collecting features from tests and
knowledge base of the doctor:
i)Blood
test : hemoglobin (level decrease
suggesting anemia/blood loss/leukemia etc) level, wbc count
(infection level), RBC count , peripheral smear test , sodium
,potassium other ion tests etc.
ii)
X-Ray : shows
bone fractures or cracks or used as a diagnosis of pneumonia, lung
consolidation, abdominal distention etc
iii)
CT-Scan – diagnosis of emphysema, fibrosis of lungs,
brain trauma, brain diseases.
iv)
MRI –
cardiac diseases, Brain diseases,liver diseases
v)
ECG : for diagnosis of cardiovascular
systems - myocardial ischemia , cardiomyopathies, heart attacks etc
There
are also other useful tests urine tests, EEG, CECT, Esophagoscopy etc
etc.
Now
depending on these there are
physiological,pathological,microbiological,biochemical etc changes
are there in cellular components which all can act as nodes and
connection between them can act as edges – so these all help to
create part of the total complex network.
4.
Preventing diseases from spreading :
Disease
prevention can be done by
a)
vaccination:
I)
schedule vaccination of children : Oral polio vaccination, measles ,
BCG etc routinely.
ii)
other vaccination: hepatitis vaccination, DNA
vaccination,immunization
b)
Medicines :
Proper
medicines are used in optimum dose to prevent diseases from spreading
(Antibiotics are used to cease bacterial growth, Anti-fungal to cease
growth of fungus etc)- at every interval of taking doses
physiological,pathological,microbiological,biochemical conditions of
cellular components are to be checked by sign symptoms and tests.
c)
Surgical :
Operative
treatment are necessary for to cure certain diseases –
cholesystectomy(removal of gall bladder) for gall stone diseases,
appendicectomy for appendicitis , orthopedics operations for bone
fractures, bone marrow transplantation etc.
d)
Radiotherapy: can be given to cure cancer diseases and
tumors etc.
In
the network 1,2,3,4 are the components within which a,b,c or I,ii,iii
etc can act as another component and features are the node.
In
all the above cases always you have to aware of the status of human
being as a whole – whether situation improving or not by the above
mentioned features and cell conditions. So if situation does not
getting well or deteriorates then changing of treatment modes are
necessary.
So
we can think of an intelligent complex network systems which consist
of nodes (examinations of sign-symptoms,tests for diagnosis,
preventing diseases from spreading and healing of the damaged cells,
maintain proper balance between all ions and materials which consist
our physical entity ).
Now
edges between these nodes determine the overall features present in a
particular human body or race or a geographical area. Value of the
nodes or edges determine the value of those features and these make a
linear/nonlinear dependence equation- it value is the overall
situation of a particular human being in a particular condition.
There are so many factors which may be undetermined but can change
the overall result significantly- these values can be estimated by
other node or edge values of the Complex network but most of the
times prediction of these values with high probability are really
difficult and need more knowledge base and data value. This can be a
significant challenge for modern world to develop this type of
intelligent complex network for Human Disease.
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